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foreign

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[Music]

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and welcome to the show on Martin Willis

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your host and we have our guest Avi Loeb

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coming up he is running a little bit uh

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a little bit behind he was in another

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interview earlier

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um and I just got a message from music

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running a little bit behind so we have a

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little time to kill here and uh I will

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ask you people that are listening and

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watching live and chat if you want to

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throw a question my way you know maybe

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we can get a conversation going that way

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uh but again avilo uh Harvard

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astrophysicists is uh coming up within I

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would think within um probably within

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five or ten minutes he should be joining

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us uh a quick announcement

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um the holidays are coming up I got this

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email from the Ariel phenomenon the

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movie The Randall Nickerson I try to get

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him just now to see if he was available

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but he's not but uh his uh the aerial

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phenomenon movie is going to be

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available on Christmas Day

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on iTunes Apple TV Google play YouTube

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and Amazon Prime Video in the US and the

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UK

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so also if you go over to the website

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his website aerial phenomenon.com I

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believe it is

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um there's some merch for sale too

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t-shirts just in time for Christmas

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things like that and uh anyway I really

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think it's one of the most beautiful

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films made on this subject and it's to

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me it's I consider that the top uh the

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top case uh as far as being fast

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fascinating in my opinion and although

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school children uh just seem so credible

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and they never really strayed from their

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stories I believe whatever happened

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whatever it was happened did happen to

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those kids and uh Randall Nicholson did

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such a beautiful job with the film and I

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I know a lot of people that pay

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attention to this topic have already

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watched it I've watched it a couple of

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times maybe three I think at this point

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and I really was looking forward to

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seeing it in the theater when I had

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ended up having to have surgery and and

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missed that uh that big event when that

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happened

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um and uh I think it was Western

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Massachusetts

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um new Northampton Mass is when that uh

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I can't remember when the date was but I

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was out of commission and anyway our

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blog this week by Charles Lear is Hayden

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Hughes and the international UFO Bureau

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so let me take a look at chat here see

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um

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greetings everyone

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and let's see uh no questions yet but if

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anyone has a question see if anyone put

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anything in here I see Bobby Mary Grace

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hi hello hello and uh

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all good to have you all in here Cali

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Kidd uh here's a question

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uh so Martin how do you feel about the

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possibility of ammonia-based

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uh an ammonia-based creature

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from the documentary oh you're talking

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about James Fox

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documentary uh you know

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I don't know about that if that would be

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a type of building block that would work

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I know they they speculate that there

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could be silken like a silken based

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besides carbon-based uh life why that

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that being had such an odor uh

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I don't know what the the makeup of that

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was and it would be really interesting

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to know and to think that there's

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possibly some information out there in

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Brazil about

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uh when they did the autopsy on whatever

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the supposed autopsy I don't know 100

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sure that any of this you know can be

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documented or not but anyway

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um it was to me I think it was a a very

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good case and that's called moment of

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contact James Fox movie

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and if you haven't watched that it's

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another great one here here's a now I

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just uh hi Martin any thoughts on the

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nuclear fusion breakthrough announced

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today I heard that was announced today

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and I'm really really excited to read

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about it um I've been traveling all day

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as you can see I'm in a hotel room and I

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I had that article sent to me and I

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can't wait to read that it's very

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exciting if if it's a breakthrough

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because that would certainly solve a lot

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of problems that we have

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and

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here's another question here have you

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seen David Pilates new UFO 4-1-1 movie I

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have not now I've met him a few years

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ago down in Cherry Hill down in New

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Jersey and I know that he used to really

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be into the UFO topic but he was staring

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completely away from it when he was

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doing those four one one movies and

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books I mean he did that one movie and

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and some books

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um so I knew that he was into the UFO

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topic and I had a private conversation

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with him and asked what he thought about

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that aspect of it so

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um he did not want to be on this show he

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wanted to kind of distance himself from

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the UFO but it looks like if he has this

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movie out

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then uh looks like it's time for me to

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get in touch with them and see if I can

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get them on as a guest I have not seen

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it or I didn't even know about it

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but uh thank you for posting that and

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thank you everyone for posting these

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questions you're keeping me going while

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I'm waiting for

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um Avi Loeb to come on

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here's another one here

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uh Martin what is your view on the lack

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of Promise UAP report by our government

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lack of promise you would uh I don't

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know what's going on I know that right

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around Halloween time we were supposed

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to get another report I I have not

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really heard much of what is going on

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with that and information I would like

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to know more about I know that they're

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they're supposed to report publicly so

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um I know I I do believe I there was

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something about their thinking or

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they're trying to point the finger uh

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that these are drones uh a lot of a lot

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of these things are drones but I don't

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know how far they're going to be able to

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get with that with all the other cases

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and I think 2023

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should be very promising as far as you

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know the uh investigations that's going

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to go on because they're going to go all

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the way back to the 1940s

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which is fascinating there's so many as

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you know anyone that follows this topic

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knows how much great information there

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was back in the 19 you know starting in

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the 1940s forward you know a lot of

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people will say well you know these

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could be secret you know government

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programs and all that but they kind of

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discount all the fact that these have

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been seen for

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you know decades and decades uh uh doing

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all these unusual Maneuvers that we

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can't explain

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I

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sightings but our guest Avi Loeb has

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shown up he's here Avi welcome

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thanks for having me it's a great

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pleasure to join you yes I'm so glad you

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you showed up I was getting a little bit

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nervous and kind of running out of

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things to talk about but everyone was

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gracious enough to post some nice

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questions up for me so welcome welcome

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back you're you're it's extremely busy

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guy and uh I I am always impressed with

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the well first of all I'm always

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impressed that you answer my email right

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away I mean you must get a thousand

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emails a day or something like that

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yeah well today was particularly busy

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because I was going over the final draft

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of my new book that is supposed to come

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out in August 2023 at the end of August

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and it's called Interstellar and uh it

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should be interesting and I I just

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finished going over it

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wow so you with everything you do you

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find time to write a book as well

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well that's very important it's sort of

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like a diary summarizing my thoughts

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about the past and the future and uh

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it's not so much about me as as it is

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about

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uh what I find most important these days

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you know and I reached a point in my

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life where I care less about my personal

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um faith and what happens to me and more

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about what will happen to humanity and

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what the future may hold and how can we

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uh make the future better than the past

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and that's pretty much what my book is

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about wow

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that's really great I'm going to

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put up right here just so I wanted to

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put up your your articles that you write

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because again here you are writing all

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of these articles it's just amazing and

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I've skimmed through a couple of them

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and and um

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just I'm very very impressed because you

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look at these it says almost like every

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day right and the only reason today is

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the article will be a little delayed

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I'll write it after we speak is because

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I was engaged with the new book

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Interstellar that's the title and it's

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Harper Collins it's already on the

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website uh today's news I I had already

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two interviews in the morning about it

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is the announcement of

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ignition at the nuclear ignition

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facility using lasers to compress a

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pellet with hydrogen

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and they demonstrated Fusion is possible

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in the lab and they created the small

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star a tiny little star for a short

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period of time and that's an

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accomplishment and it's sort of an

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imitation of what nature did for many

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many

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billions of years which is Stars you

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know at the center of a star you get the

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nuclear fusion of the same nature and uh

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the only difference is that a star like

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the sun is held by gravity and so the

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nuclear fuel reaches very high

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temperatures but doesn't explode doesn't

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run away because gravity binds it for

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that you need a very massive object in

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our Laboratories gravity is completely

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irrelevant and so we need some other way

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of confining the hot gas that is you

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know hundreds of millions of degrees

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that is fusing and the way they

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accomplish that is with laser beams

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basically generating x-rays that

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compress a pellet and it reached the

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ignition and that was a major fit of

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engineering I mean it's not new physics

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it's just imitating nature just the way

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that the Wright brothers

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were able to imitate Birds you know

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humans saw birds for so many centuries

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and uh 100 about a century ago in 1905

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the Wright brothers demonstrated that

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humans can do it as well

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so what is this what do you think this

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means where where do you think this can

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go I mean there has been talk about this

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in Cold Fusion that is that a that's a

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whole different thing isn't it yeah I

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know this one is hot Fusion yeah um cold

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fusion was not demonstrated to work

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um and the original experiments um were

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um repeated and did not produce results

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similar to those claimed originally so

276
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we don't know if qualifusion is possible

277
00:13:09,710 --> 00:13:07,320
but hot Fusion has been attempted for

278
00:13:12,470 --> 00:13:09,720
many decades and the issue is really how

279
00:13:15,170 --> 00:13:12,480
to confine the hot gas at hundreds of

280
00:13:17,030 --> 00:13:15,180
millions of degrees uh and the one

281
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:17,040
approach that was very popular is using

282
00:13:21,410 --> 00:13:18,959
magnetic fields very strong magnetic

283
00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:21,420
fields and the biggest demonstration of

284
00:13:27,710 --> 00:13:24,180
that is the eater experiment in Euro but

285
00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:27,720
that's a gigantic facility and we

286
00:13:32,569 --> 00:13:30,000
haven't reached the Milestone of

287
00:13:36,829 --> 00:13:32,579
ignition there the approach taken

288
00:13:39,590 --> 00:13:36,839
Livermore that was announced today in

289
00:13:41,690 --> 00:13:39,600
terms of being successful was to use a

290
00:13:45,350 --> 00:13:41,700
lot of laser beams very powerful laser

291
00:13:47,750 --> 00:13:45,360
beams that shine into a cavity inside of

292
00:13:50,030 --> 00:13:47,760
which there is a pellet and the X-ray is

293
00:13:52,509 --> 00:13:50,040
generated as they interact with the

294
00:13:55,490 --> 00:13:52,519
walls all these laser beams

295
00:13:57,949 --> 00:13:55,500
they compress the pellet to very high

296
00:14:00,710 --> 00:13:57,959
temperatures and densities such that it

297
00:14:02,629 --> 00:14:00,720
ignites and the challenge in that method

298
00:14:06,350 --> 00:14:02,639
is called the natural confinement the

299
00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:06,360
challenge is to get a uniform collapse

300
00:14:12,110 --> 00:14:09,600
contraction of this pellet and it's very

301
00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:12,120
easy for it to collapse along one axis

302
00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:14,220
and then it just becomes a pancake and

303
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:15,660
you don't get the high temperatures and

304
00:14:21,949 --> 00:14:18,480
densities so they managed to accomplish

305
00:14:23,509 --> 00:14:21,959
that that's a major achievement and but

306
00:14:26,629 --> 00:14:23,519
it's not clear whether it will become

307
00:14:29,150 --> 00:14:26,639
practical for two reasons one and you

308
00:14:31,150 --> 00:14:29,160
have to replenish the pellet so it's a

309
00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:31,160
very sort of um

310
00:14:36,769 --> 00:14:33,540
it's sort of like an engine that

311
00:14:39,230 --> 00:14:36,779
operates on Tiny explosions you can

312
00:14:43,189 --> 00:14:39,240
think of it as a tiny nuclear explosion

313
00:14:46,670 --> 00:14:43,199
and fusion explosion so then you need to

314
00:14:48,769 --> 00:14:46,680
replace the pellet every so often and in

315
00:14:52,250 --> 00:14:48,779
order to gain enough energy that can

316
00:14:54,829 --> 00:14:52,260
power a city but then in addition you

317
00:14:56,990 --> 00:14:54,839
have to extract the energy from the

318
00:15:00,350 --> 00:14:57,000
system and the energy comes out in very

319
00:15:03,129 --> 00:15:00,360
energetic neutrons and it's not obvious

320
00:15:06,970 --> 00:15:03,139
that the engineering of how to

321
00:15:10,129 --> 00:15:06,980
extract their energy is is so simple so

322
00:15:12,889 --> 00:15:10,139
I I'm not much more optimistic that

323
00:15:16,189 --> 00:15:12,899
nuclear fusion will become practical it

324
00:15:18,650 --> 00:15:16,199
will take decades it's just a major fit

325
00:15:21,290 --> 00:15:18,660
in terms of humans being able to imitate

326
00:15:24,110 --> 00:15:21,300
nature that's that's the significance of

327
00:15:25,970 --> 00:15:24,120
it yeah that is that is and it would be

328
00:15:27,470 --> 00:15:25,980
great though if

329
00:15:30,590 --> 00:15:27,480
um I understand that there wouldn't be

330
00:15:32,269 --> 00:15:30,600
the Hazardous Waste like there is with

331
00:15:35,210 --> 00:15:32,279
nuclear power if they could figure this

332
00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:35,220
out right right exactly it could happen

333
00:15:39,829 --> 00:15:37,260
on the walls depending on how you absorb

334
00:15:42,910 --> 00:15:39,839
the neutrons but then indeed the

335
00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:42,920
material the fuel itself is not

336
00:15:49,850 --> 00:15:46,800
producing uh Radioactive debris that

337
00:15:52,069 --> 00:15:49,860
could cause problems

338
00:15:54,829 --> 00:15:52,079
um I should say that fission is known to

339
00:15:58,370 --> 00:15:54,839
work nuclear reactors work and it could

340
00:16:00,170 --> 00:15:58,380
be uh the the best source of clean

341
00:16:03,350 --> 00:16:00,180
energy in the future irrespective what

342
00:16:08,170 --> 00:16:03,360
happens with with Fusion if we uh build

343
00:16:12,769 --> 00:16:08,180
a safe reactors which is a possible way

344
00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:12,779
for us to maintain you know our

345
00:16:21,290 --> 00:16:18,240
long-term energy needs um so um I won't

346
00:16:25,250 --> 00:16:21,300
say that Fusion is a must for our

347
00:16:28,129 --> 00:16:25,260
civilization to get its energy in the

348
00:16:29,990 --> 00:16:28,139
long-term future and we we could get the

349
00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:30,000
best source of clean energy out of

350
00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:31,920
nuclear reactors that based on fission

351
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:34,320
and uh it's just a matter of engineering

352
00:16:41,210 --> 00:16:37,199
it uh so that we prevent any

353
00:16:43,850 --> 00:16:41,220
catastrophes right right and uh yeah

354
00:16:46,129 --> 00:16:43,860
we'll see how that goes yeah I had

355
00:16:49,610 --> 00:16:46,139
there's been hope for cold fusion I know

356
00:16:51,590 --> 00:16:49,620
there's there's a uh a private company

357
00:16:53,509 --> 00:16:51,600
in Washington state that thinks that

358
00:16:55,310 --> 00:16:53,519
they're going to be able to crack that

359
00:16:57,650 --> 00:16:55,320
problem and I don't know I mean they are

360
00:16:59,629 --> 00:16:57,660
working on it and they are they are well

361
00:17:01,550 --> 00:16:59,639
funded from what I understand and that

362
00:17:04,730 --> 00:17:01,560
would be really something if yeah I mean

363
00:17:07,669 --> 00:17:04,740
all together uh any such

364
00:17:10,429 --> 00:17:07,679
a breakthrough would would help perhaps

365
00:17:13,370 --> 00:17:10,439
to venture into space because as of now

366
00:17:16,850 --> 00:17:13,380
all the spacecraft we launched were

367
00:17:20,329 --> 00:17:16,860
based on chemical propellants and right

368
00:17:23,630 --> 00:17:20,339
um they produce much less energy by a

369
00:17:27,549 --> 00:17:23,640
factor of almost a million uh per unit

370
00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:27,559
mass of fuel so so if we are able to

371
00:17:35,029 --> 00:17:32,160
manufacture relatively small and either

372
00:17:37,730 --> 00:17:35,039
Fusion or fission reactors that can be

373
00:17:42,049 --> 00:17:37,740
used as engines for spacecraft that

374
00:17:45,529 --> 00:17:42,059
would be amazing uh but uh as of now the

375
00:17:47,029 --> 00:17:45,539
limit of all of on the terminal speed of

376
00:17:51,770 --> 00:17:47,039
all the spacecraft that we've launched

377
00:17:53,409 --> 00:17:51,780
since Sputnik until uh no Horizons all

378
00:17:56,210 --> 00:17:53,419
of them

379
00:17:58,010 --> 00:17:56,220
reached tens of kilometers per second is

380
00:18:00,049 --> 00:17:58,020
the terminal speed and that's the

381
00:18:01,909 --> 00:18:00,059
tyranny of the rocket equation the

382
00:18:05,029 --> 00:18:01,919
problem is they carry their own Fuel and

383
00:18:06,890 --> 00:18:05,039
they cannot they cannot reach speeds

384
00:18:10,190 --> 00:18:06,900
that exceed by more than one order of

385
00:18:12,350 --> 00:18:10,200
magnitude or so the exhaust speed of the

386
00:18:14,270 --> 00:18:12,360
gas is coming out of their exhaust

387
00:18:16,430 --> 00:18:14,280
because they have to carry the fuel so

388
00:18:19,130 --> 00:18:16,440
the rocket equation doesn't allow you to

389
00:18:20,630 --> 00:18:19,140
reach very high speeds just because of

390
00:18:23,630 --> 00:18:20,640
the exhaust speed of chemical

391
00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:23,640
propellants but with nuclear you can

392
00:18:29,150 --> 00:18:26,400
reach much higher exhaust speeds

393
00:18:30,830 --> 00:18:29,160
now is there any further Advance has

394
00:18:33,049 --> 00:18:30,840
there been any further advancement on

395
00:18:35,029 --> 00:18:33,059
the star shot that you were involved in

396
00:18:37,850 --> 00:18:35,039
right so that's a completely different

397
00:18:42,529 --> 00:18:37,860
approach where you say uh instead of

398
00:18:45,230 --> 00:18:42,539
carrying the fuel the the the spacecraft

399
00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:45,240
is being pushed by some external force

400
00:18:50,270 --> 00:18:46,620
and in this case

401
00:18:53,150 --> 00:18:50,280
it's light the beam of light and it is

402
00:18:56,090 --> 00:18:53,160
to have a lightweight sale just like the

403
00:18:59,270 --> 00:18:56,100
sale of a boat which is uh being pushed

404
00:19:02,210 --> 00:18:59,280
by reflecting light and we were thinking

405
00:19:05,390 --> 00:19:02,220
about a very powerful laser shining at

406
00:19:09,650 --> 00:19:05,400
the sale the size of a person that

407
00:19:12,110 --> 00:19:09,660
weighs roughly a gram very thin and then

408
00:19:13,850 --> 00:19:12,120
pushes it over a few minutes to a fifth

409
00:19:14,830 --> 00:19:13,860
of the speed of light and then you can

410
00:19:17,150 --> 00:19:14,840
attach

411
00:19:20,990 --> 00:19:17,160
Electronics to that sale that's the

412
00:19:24,230 --> 00:19:21,000
Starship concept and we're working on

413
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:24,240
various components of this and we don't

414
00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:26,640
we still don't see a show stopper but

415
00:19:33,890 --> 00:19:30,179
it's very challenging so uh building uh

416
00:19:35,690 --> 00:19:33,900
the lasers and also making the sale you

417
00:19:38,810 --> 00:19:35,700
know that it's all possible with

418
00:19:41,029 --> 00:19:38,820
existing understanding of how these

419
00:19:43,789 --> 00:19:41,039
things can be made but uh we are not

420
00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:43,799
there yet we are working on it

421
00:19:47,990 --> 00:19:45,780
now would say there was a Russian

422
00:19:51,529 --> 00:19:48,000
gentleman involved in that is he is he

423
00:19:54,409 --> 00:19:51,539
still involved in that well he's uh he's

424
00:19:56,510 --> 00:19:54,419
not a he's not Russian citizen anymore

425
00:20:00,049 --> 00:19:56,520
he is

426
00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:00,059
um yeah he um yeah he's he's an

427
00:20:06,230 --> 00:20:02,580
entrepreneur from Silicon Valley and the

428
00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:06,240
physicist his name is Yuri Miller and uh

429
00:20:13,010 --> 00:20:09,120
yeah he he still funds this as well as

430
00:20:14,090 --> 00:20:13,020
other initiatives such as searching for

431
00:20:17,510 --> 00:20:14,100
um

432
00:20:19,669 --> 00:20:17,520
signals from extraterrestrial

433
00:20:22,190 --> 00:20:19,679
civilizations that that's called the

434
00:20:24,529 --> 00:20:22,200
Breakthrough uh listen

435
00:20:26,270 --> 00:20:24,539
um the other one the other initiative is

436
00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:26,280
breakthrough Starship

437
00:20:32,270 --> 00:20:30,000
mm-hmm interesting now uh we're going to

438
00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:32,280
talk in a minute about I would like to

439
00:20:36,230 --> 00:20:34,500
talk about this possible or this

440
00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:36,240
excursion

441
00:20:40,310 --> 00:20:38,220
um or whatever you would like to call it

442
00:20:41,990 --> 00:20:40,320
uh right off of the coast of Papua New

443
00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:42,000
Guinea but

444
00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:44,700
um but before that I I guess I'd like to

445
00:20:49,669 --> 00:20:46,740
ask you

446
00:20:52,490 --> 00:20:49,679
um you have gotten so much publicity out

447
00:20:54,830 --> 00:20:52,500
of you know talking about amuamua and

448
00:20:57,950 --> 00:20:54,840
and all that over the last few years

449
00:20:59,750 --> 00:20:57,960
since you were on this show and has the

450
00:21:00,830 --> 00:20:59,760
feedback still been positive I know

451
00:21:04,250 --> 00:21:00,840
there were a lot of people actually

452
00:21:06,650 --> 00:21:04,260
helping fund the Galileo project how is

453
00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:06,660
all that going well my book came out

454
00:21:13,370 --> 00:21:10,260
less than two years ago and then I had

455
00:21:17,210 --> 00:21:13,380
about 2 000 interviews and appearances

456
00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:17,220
and yeah all the media outlets and the

457
00:21:22,909 --> 00:21:19,620
book was translated to 25 languages it

458
00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:22,919
became a bestseller just to give you uh

459
00:21:28,390 --> 00:21:24,720
it became bestseller in many countries

460
00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:28,400
but just to give an an impression I was

461
00:21:35,270 --> 00:21:32,220
in two public forums last month and one

462
00:21:37,490 --> 00:21:35,280
of them an iranian-born entrepreneur

463
00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:37,500
came to me and said can I have a selfie

464
00:21:41,230 --> 00:21:39,900
with you and I said of course and then

465
00:21:43,909 --> 00:21:41,240
the following morning

466
00:21:45,409 --> 00:21:43,919
she saw me and and said that did you

467
00:21:48,049 --> 00:21:45,419
know that you have hundreds of women

468
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:48,059
scientists in Iran that are following

469
00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:51,120
your work and I said I never knew about

470
00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:53,100
it because she posted it in Instagram

471
00:21:58,310 --> 00:21:55,200
and she got immediately messages about

472
00:22:00,950 --> 00:21:58,320
it so it looks like all over the world I

473
00:22:02,890 --> 00:22:00,960
mean that what that shows is that this

474
00:22:06,049 --> 00:22:02,900
subject of the search for

475
00:22:08,270 --> 00:22:06,059
extraterrestrial intelligence unifies

476
00:22:10,909 --> 00:22:08,280
um everyone irrespective of national

477
00:22:15,470 --> 00:22:10,919
borders I was born in Israel these are

478
00:22:18,130 --> 00:22:15,480
women from Iran uh there is nothing

479
00:22:22,549 --> 00:22:18,140
um I mean it brings people together and

480
00:22:24,409 --> 00:22:22,559
I think the more we research the subject

481
00:22:27,350 --> 00:22:24,419
the more we would find there is some

482
00:22:29,930 --> 00:22:27,360
low-hanging fruit because this path that

483
00:22:32,990 --> 00:22:29,940
we are taking was not taken uh

484
00:22:35,090 --> 00:22:33,000
the reason uh it's very different from

485
00:22:36,710 --> 00:22:35,100
the search for intelligence in the past

486
00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:36,720
is that we were looking for radio

487
00:22:41,930 --> 00:22:39,480
signals or or laser signals and yeah

488
00:22:43,970 --> 00:22:41,940
this is just like waiting for a phone

489
00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:43,980
call at home

490
00:22:49,850 --> 00:22:47,280
um for that you need whoever calls you

491
00:22:52,970 --> 00:22:49,860
to be active at the time that you are

492
00:22:55,490 --> 00:22:52,980
waiting uh but there is a completely

493
00:22:57,230 --> 00:22:55,500
different approach which is to just

494
00:22:59,930 --> 00:22:57,240
check your mailbox if there are any

495
00:23:02,090 --> 00:22:59,940
packages that accumulated over time the

496
00:23:03,770 --> 00:23:02,100
sender may be dead by now but the

497
00:23:05,149 --> 00:23:03,780
packages keep accumulating in your

498
00:23:08,090 --> 00:23:05,159
mailbox

499
00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:08,100
um over the years and that we have never

500
00:23:12,049 --> 00:23:10,200
done only over the past decade we had

501
00:23:13,789 --> 00:23:12,059
the instruments that allow us to detect

502
00:23:17,210 --> 00:23:13,799
objects from outside the solar system

503
00:23:19,789 --> 00:23:17,220
and we found four of them two of which

504
00:23:22,130 --> 00:23:19,799
are meteors that we will talk about in a

505
00:23:24,890 --> 00:23:22,140
minute that I discovered with my student

506
00:23:26,750 --> 00:23:24,900
Amir siraj that came from outside the

507
00:23:29,870 --> 00:23:26,760
solar system there were roughly half a

508
00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:29,880
meter in size and the third was omuamua

509
00:23:38,330 --> 00:23:33,000
that my book is dedicated to that and

510
00:23:42,110 --> 00:23:38,340
all three uh from 2014 to 2017 all three

511
00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:42,120
were uh outliers they didn't resemble

512
00:23:46,870 --> 00:23:44,580
the familiar rocks space rocks that

513
00:23:49,909 --> 00:23:46,880
we've seen before from the solar system

514
00:23:52,669 --> 00:23:49,919
uh the meteors because of their material

515
00:23:55,669 --> 00:23:52,679
strength they were the toughest that

516
00:23:56,950 --> 00:23:55,679
were were even ever spotted among all

517
00:24:00,070 --> 00:23:56,960
meteors

518
00:24:03,649 --> 00:24:00,080
out of 270 that the US government

519
00:24:05,930 --> 00:24:03,659
detected uh and and more was unusual

520
00:24:07,610 --> 00:24:05,940
because of its shape it was most likely

521
00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:07,620
pancake black and then it was pushed

522
00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:10,200
away from the Sun by without showing any

523
00:24:17,630 --> 00:24:13,440
cometary evaporation no rocket effect

524
00:24:19,850 --> 00:24:17,640
and so it was anomalous and uh what I'm

525
00:24:21,890 --> 00:24:19,860
saying is if the first three objects are

526
00:24:24,230 --> 00:24:21,900
unusual then we are missing something

527
00:24:26,750 --> 00:24:24,240
about what comes from outside the solar

528
00:24:29,330 --> 00:24:26,760
system the fourth the fourth one was

529
00:24:32,169 --> 00:24:29,340
just like a comet it's it's called

530
00:24:34,490 --> 00:24:32,179
boriso after the

531
00:24:37,909 --> 00:24:34,500
astronomer amateur astronomer who

532
00:24:39,950 --> 00:24:37,919
discovered it so all together this is a

533
00:24:42,350 --> 00:24:39,960
new frontier and we haven't tried

534
00:24:44,570 --> 00:24:42,360
checking our mailbox and the fact that

535
00:24:47,149 --> 00:24:44,580
we found these unusual packages tells us

536
00:24:50,390 --> 00:24:47,159
maybe there is something out there that

537
00:24:52,310 --> 00:24:50,400
we haven't figured out and so we are

538
00:24:54,669 --> 00:24:52,320
planning an expedition to scoop the

539
00:24:57,529 --> 00:24:54,679
ocean floor where the first meteor

540
00:24:59,270 --> 00:24:57,539
exploded and it disintegrates in the

541
00:25:01,970 --> 00:24:59,280
lower atmosphere of the earth and it was

542
00:25:04,730 --> 00:25:01,980
tougher than iron so we want to find out

543
00:25:07,370 --> 00:25:04,740
whether it was natural in origin or

544
00:25:10,010 --> 00:25:07,380
maybe a spacecraft maybe artificial and

545
00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:10,020
we're planning an expedition I was

546
00:25:15,230 --> 00:25:12,480
funded at the one and a half million

547
00:25:19,310 --> 00:25:15,240
dollars for that and and we will do it

548
00:25:21,169 --> 00:25:19,320
before summer 2023 within six months uh

549
00:25:24,409 --> 00:25:21,179
and um you know you asked me about

550
00:25:26,390 --> 00:25:24,419
funding basically my book brought a lot

551
00:25:28,070 --> 00:25:26,400
of interesting people to the porch of my

552
00:25:31,070 --> 00:25:28,080
home during the pandemic they just

553
00:25:33,169 --> 00:25:31,080
showed up a lot of very wealthy

554
00:25:34,730 --> 00:25:33,179
individuals that gave me a few million

555
00:25:36,890 --> 00:25:34,740
dollars that allowed me to establish the

556
00:25:39,049 --> 00:25:36,900
Galileo project that we have a hundred

557
00:25:42,049 --> 00:25:39,059
people involved and we are starting to

558
00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:42,059
get data uh from instruments that we put

559
00:25:47,990 --> 00:25:45,480
together scientifically and then in the

560
00:25:49,970 --> 00:25:48,000
coming months we'll analyze this data

561
00:25:51,649 --> 00:25:49,980
we'll build copies of the first system

562
00:25:53,870 --> 00:25:51,659
that seems to work

563
00:25:57,470 --> 00:25:53,880
we are basically taking a video of the

564
00:26:00,250 --> 00:25:57,480
sky in the infrared Optical radio and

565
00:26:02,990 --> 00:26:00,260
audio and that was never done before

566
00:26:04,669 --> 00:26:03,000
with a suite of instruments that we have

567
00:26:06,110 --> 00:26:04,679
full control over that we fully

568
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:06,120
understand

569
00:26:11,750 --> 00:26:08,880
and well well the information is that

570
00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:11,760
going to be publicly available yeah so

571
00:26:16,669 --> 00:26:14,400
there will be an early period where we

572
00:26:19,010 --> 00:26:16,679
will make sure that the data is not

573
00:26:21,590 --> 00:26:19,020
contaminated with some malfunction of

574
00:26:23,570 --> 00:26:21,600
instruments or things we don't fully

575
00:26:26,990 --> 00:26:23,580
understand and then of course we will

576
00:26:28,970 --> 00:26:27,000
release it make it open uh and also

577
00:26:31,010 --> 00:26:28,980
report about it in scientific papers

578
00:26:32,330 --> 00:26:31,020
that will be submitted to peer-reviewed

579
00:26:35,210 --> 00:26:32,340
journals

580
00:26:38,510 --> 00:26:35,220
that's great that's great now so on this

581
00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:38,520
excursion how do you propose that you're

582
00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:40,799
going to is it through instruments that

583
00:26:45,769 --> 00:26:43,320
you're going to be able to detect the

584
00:26:47,870 --> 00:26:45,779
fragments if that's what they are on the

585
00:26:49,730 --> 00:26:47,880
ocean floor how do you plan to do that

586
00:26:53,390 --> 00:26:49,740
yeah we're starting to build a Machinery

587
00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:53,400
it will have a sled with magnets on it

588
00:26:59,750 --> 00:26:56,360
so that if there is any uh

589
00:27:01,909 --> 00:26:59,760
magnetic I mean ferromagnetic material

590
00:27:04,370 --> 00:27:01,919
like iron or

591
00:27:07,669 --> 00:27:04,380
other metals that are attracted to to

592
00:27:10,450 --> 00:27:07,679
the magnets we will separate it from the

593
00:27:12,769 --> 00:27:10,460
Mac that is on the ocean floor the ooze

594
00:27:15,769 --> 00:27:12,779
and then

595
00:27:18,110 --> 00:27:15,779
um in addition if it's not magnetic the

596
00:27:20,110 --> 00:27:18,120
fragments from the meteor we actually

597
00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:20,120
wrote a scientific paper just a week ago

598
00:27:24,769 --> 00:27:22,799
where we calculated the distribution of

599
00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:24,779
fragment sizes that we expect if it's

600
00:27:30,669 --> 00:27:28,020
made of iron or if it's made of steel

601
00:27:34,630 --> 00:27:30,679
for example if it's artificial in origin

602
00:27:38,210 --> 00:27:34,640
and we should be able to find the pieces

603
00:27:41,090 --> 00:27:38,220
uh most of them of order a millimeter or

604
00:27:42,830 --> 00:27:41,100
less but some of them could be if

605
00:27:45,710 --> 00:27:42,840
especially if it's very tough material

606
00:27:48,649 --> 00:27:45,720
like still some of them could be

607
00:27:51,950 --> 00:27:48,659
centimeters in size and I already

608
00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:51,960
promised the Paula Antonelli the curator

609
00:27:56,690 --> 00:27:54,000
of the Museum of Modern Art in New York

610
00:27:59,990 --> 00:27:56,700
City that if we find any Gadget I'll

611
00:28:02,029 --> 00:28:00,000
bring it for display because for us it

612
00:28:05,630 --> 00:28:02,039
would represent modernity even though

613
00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:05,640
the senders might think of it as ancient

614
00:28:09,409 --> 00:28:07,220
history

615
00:28:11,149 --> 00:28:09,419
boy wouldn't that be something everyone

616
00:28:13,669 --> 00:28:11,159
would want to come see that that's for

617
00:28:15,590 --> 00:28:13,679
sure well let's uh hope we find

618
00:28:18,590 --> 00:28:15,600
something it's it's a very challenging

619
00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:18,600
Mission the the ocean floor is a mile

620
00:28:24,890 --> 00:28:21,600
deep and we plan to spend a couple of

621
00:28:26,690 --> 00:28:24,900
weeks there but the Galileo project as a

622
00:28:29,570 --> 00:28:26,700
whole I mean this is just one branch of

623
00:28:31,370 --> 00:28:29,580
it looking for fragments of interstellar

624
00:28:33,649 --> 00:28:31,380
meteors the second is looking at

625
00:28:35,870 --> 00:28:33,659
unidentified aerial phenomena that the

626
00:28:38,149 --> 00:28:35,880
government reported about and we are

627
00:28:41,330 --> 00:28:38,159
planning to get the data and then the

628
00:28:45,130 --> 00:28:41,340
third one would be to come close or

629
00:28:47,570 --> 00:28:45,140
Rendezvous or if you want date the next

630
00:28:49,010 --> 00:28:47,580
the next object that looks unusual and

631
00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:49,020
doesn't collide with the Earth like

632
00:28:54,590 --> 00:28:51,600
meteors doesn't come close but we might

633
00:28:58,070 --> 00:28:54,600
emit it along its path and take a high

634
00:29:00,649 --> 00:28:58,080
resolution image of it and for that we

635
00:29:02,870 --> 00:29:00,659
are designing the mission the space

636
00:29:05,149 --> 00:29:02,880
mission that would be needed that's a

637
00:29:08,870 --> 00:29:05,159
very expensive Mission it would cost

638
00:29:11,810 --> 00:29:08,880
about a billion dollars uh and to find

639
00:29:14,570 --> 00:29:11,820
candidates that we want to date we have

640
00:29:16,549 --> 00:29:14,580
a dating app which is the Vera Rubin

641
00:29:19,549 --> 00:29:16,559
observatory in Chile that will start

642
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,559
operations in about a year and then will

643
00:29:23,389 --> 00:29:21,600
provide us with candidates and we will

644
00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:23,399
choose I mean most of the time we will

645
00:29:27,710 --> 00:29:25,860
swipe to the left because it's a very

646
00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:27,720
expensive date

647
00:29:34,909 --> 00:29:30,600
it sure sounds like it wow

648
00:29:37,190 --> 00:29:34,919
um so before we get going here someone

649
00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:37,200
um was asking they're involved in like

650
00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:40,020
this uh star star watch I'm sorry meteor

651
00:29:44,210 --> 00:29:42,720
the media watch tonight and they wanted

652
00:29:46,029 --> 00:29:44,220
to know

653
00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:46,039
um if

654
00:29:51,350 --> 00:29:49,260
scientists are paying attention or

655
00:29:54,769 --> 00:29:51,360
um astronomers are paying attention to

656
00:29:58,010 --> 00:29:54,779
where amuamua is now can you calculate

657
00:30:01,789 --> 00:29:58,020
how far away this thing is you roughly

658
00:30:04,970 --> 00:30:01,799
so the problem is that the by now it's

659
00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:04,980
uh 10 million times fainter than it was

660
00:30:10,490 --> 00:30:07,260
close to Earth so it's impossible to

661
00:30:13,789 --> 00:30:10,500
detect it with existing telescopes

662
00:30:15,830 --> 00:30:13,799
um and moreover the trajectory was not

663
00:30:20,090 --> 00:30:15,840
known to a high enough Precision for us

664
00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:20,100
to chase it or to even look for it at

665
00:30:25,190 --> 00:30:22,200
this time if you wanted to send the

666
00:30:27,049 --> 00:30:25,200
spacecraft that will try to find it it

667
00:30:29,870 --> 00:30:27,059
would have to be equipped with a huge

668
00:30:32,090 --> 00:30:29,880
telescope just to First spot where it is

669
00:30:34,370 --> 00:30:32,100
because we don't know the trajectory

670
00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:34,380
well enough to figure out where it is

671
00:30:38,990 --> 00:30:36,720
right now so uh it's completely

672
00:30:41,690 --> 00:30:39,000
impractical but instead of you know it's

673
00:30:43,370 --> 00:30:41,700
just like going on a date and liking a

674
00:30:45,049 --> 00:30:43,380
person but they're not having the the

675
00:30:47,210 --> 00:30:45,059
phone number of that person so you can't

676
00:30:49,310 --> 00:30:47,220
really get in touch but what the

677
00:30:52,010 --> 00:30:49,320
approach the healthy approach my advice

678
00:30:54,049 --> 00:30:52,020
is if you have such an experience you

679
00:30:56,810 --> 00:30:54,059
better date more people with the hope

680
00:30:59,029 --> 00:30:56,820
that one of them will resemble that very

681
00:31:00,769 --> 00:30:59,039
fortunate date you had and so that's

682
00:31:04,190 --> 00:31:00,779
what we are planning to do look for more

683
00:31:06,230 --> 00:31:04,200
objects like it yeah but what you were

684
00:31:08,690 --> 00:31:06,240
able to calculate a speed at one time

685
00:31:11,750 --> 00:31:08,700
weren't you oh of course no when it came

686
00:31:13,490 --> 00:31:11,760
close to Earth we know know the speed

687
00:31:16,190 --> 00:31:13,500
and the direction it was moving and not

688
00:31:18,529 --> 00:31:16,200
only that we could tell that it's

689
00:31:20,810 --> 00:31:18,539
accelerating in a way that is not fully

690
00:31:23,090 --> 00:31:20,820
consistent with the Sun's gravity so

691
00:31:25,610 --> 00:31:23,100
there was a force acting on it pushing

692
00:31:28,070 --> 00:31:25,620
it away from the sun and it was not

693
00:31:30,289 --> 00:31:28,080
clear what this force is because there

694
00:31:32,330 --> 00:31:30,299
was no rocket effect from cometary

695
00:31:35,389 --> 00:31:32,340
evaporation and

696
00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:35,399
um so I suggested it's the reflection of

697
00:31:40,310 --> 00:31:38,520
sunlight just like the salt the solar

698
00:31:42,529 --> 00:31:40,320
sails that we were talking about before

699
00:31:45,590 --> 00:31:42,539
with the laser except here is the

700
00:31:48,470 --> 00:31:45,600
sunlight and then

701
00:31:50,810 --> 00:31:48,480
um actually three years later in

702
00:31:53,930 --> 00:31:50,820
September 2020 there was another object

703
00:31:56,690 --> 00:31:53,940
that was discovered which exhibited the

704
00:31:58,730 --> 00:31:56,700
same qualities as someone white didn't

705
00:32:01,669 --> 00:31:58,740
have a cometary tale and it was pushed

706
00:32:03,350 --> 00:32:01,679
by reflecting sunlight but a few weeks

707
00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:03,360
after it was discovered it was given the

708
00:32:07,970 --> 00:32:05,880
name 2020 so

709
00:32:11,149 --> 00:32:07,980
but it was discovered by the same

710
00:32:13,430 --> 00:32:11,159
telescope in Hawaii panzars and the

711
00:32:16,010 --> 00:32:13,440
astronomers realized oh it's actually

712
00:32:18,049 --> 00:32:16,020
base if you just extrapolate the

713
00:32:22,029 --> 00:32:18,059
trajectory back in time it came from

714
00:32:26,090 --> 00:32:22,039
Earth uh in 1966 it's a rocket booster

715
00:32:29,090 --> 00:32:26,100
uh that was called lunar surveyor that

716
00:32:31,490 --> 00:32:29,100
was sent by NASA and

717
00:32:35,149 --> 00:32:31,500
um and later on they verified that

718
00:32:37,730 --> 00:32:35,159
indeed it's made of stainless steel so

719
00:32:39,769 --> 00:32:37,740
obviously no commentary tale and

720
00:32:43,010 --> 00:32:39,779
moreover the the walls were thin enough

721
00:32:46,190 --> 00:32:43,020
for it to be to be pushed by reflecting

722
00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:46,200
sunlight so here is an example for an

723
00:32:50,990 --> 00:32:48,480
artificial object that is pushed by

724
00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:51,000
sunlight not on purpose it was not

725
00:32:56,029 --> 00:32:53,100
designed to be a sale but it was thin

726
00:32:58,810 --> 00:32:56,039
enough it had a large enough area for

727
00:33:01,250 --> 00:32:58,820
its mass and

728
00:33:03,950 --> 00:33:01,260
so we know that it's artificial because

729
00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:03,960
we produced it the question is who

730
00:33:09,169 --> 00:33:06,000
produced

731
00:33:10,909 --> 00:33:09,179
right but we have uh we have space junk

732
00:33:13,430 --> 00:33:10,919
all over the place don't we

733
00:33:14,409 --> 00:33:13,440
it's going oh yeah closer to Earth of

734
00:33:16,850 --> 00:33:14,419
course

735
00:33:20,029 --> 00:33:16,860
so what happens every now and then is

736
00:33:21,470 --> 00:33:20,039
that one of these objects you know as a

737
00:33:24,190 --> 00:33:21,480
result of friction with the upper

738
00:33:27,230 --> 00:33:24,200
atmosphere Falls in and burns up and

739
00:33:30,110 --> 00:33:27,240
that we also see and so there is a lot

740
00:33:32,870 --> 00:33:30,120
of junk uh but this one the book the

741
00:33:35,570 --> 00:33:32,880
rocket booster was launched well beyond

742
00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:35,580
the atmosphere of Earth and at first it

743
00:33:41,269 --> 00:33:38,399
was not recognized as such as our own

744
00:33:44,210 --> 00:33:41,279
creation so but it just demonstrates

745
00:33:48,610 --> 00:33:44,220
that being pushed by sunlight

746
00:33:50,990 --> 00:33:48,620
uh occurs also for our own

747
00:33:52,850 --> 00:33:51,000
products you know and

748
00:33:56,029 --> 00:33:52,860
um therefore you know it could be that

749
00:33:59,210 --> 00:33:56,039
Omar was not a light sail just like 2020

750
00:34:01,789 --> 00:33:59,220
or so was not a light sail and uh maybe

751
00:34:04,730 --> 00:34:01,799
I'm always just a surface layer of

752
00:34:05,870 --> 00:34:04,740
something else or who knows what its

753
00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:05,880
purpose was

754
00:34:09,169 --> 00:34:07,740
yes and we talked about when you were on

755
00:34:12,169 --> 00:34:09,179
the show before we talked about this

756
00:34:14,810 --> 00:34:12,179
that it was a artist the artist's

757
00:34:16,909 --> 00:34:14,820
conception of the piece was like a

758
00:34:20,349 --> 00:34:16,919
cigar-shaped rock but that's not

759
00:34:22,849 --> 00:34:20,359
not what was really it was not thought

760
00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:22,859
yeah because when

761
00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:25,440
astronomers analyze the data and by the

762
00:34:30,589 --> 00:34:27,780
way this is all scientific data with

763
00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:30,599
very high Precision so when they try to

764
00:34:38,690 --> 00:34:34,580
model the shape of it uh the the best

765
00:34:41,389 --> 00:34:38,700
fit was obtained at the 90 confidence uh

766
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:41,399
to that of a pancake a flat object and

767
00:34:46,310 --> 00:34:44,159
not a cigar shape now even a flat object

768
00:34:48,409 --> 00:34:46,320
if you imagine a piece of paper when

769
00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:48,419
projected on the sky you know it may

770
00:34:54,829 --> 00:34:50,399
look like a cigar because you see it

771
00:34:57,050 --> 00:34:54,839
sideways right and that's the reason uh

772
00:34:59,109 --> 00:34:57,060
I mean that that initially people argued

773
00:35:02,089 --> 00:34:59,119
is a cigar because

774
00:35:03,770 --> 00:35:02,099
uh projected on the sky it may look like

775
00:35:05,990 --> 00:35:03,780
that

776
00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:06,000
right here's a question going back to

777
00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:07,520
the 2014

778
00:35:15,050 --> 00:35:13,020
uh media off of uh Papua New Guinea so

779
00:35:17,569 --> 00:35:15,060
Bobby wanted to know how was the

780
00:35:20,329 --> 00:35:17,579
hardness of the media determined okay

781
00:35:22,730 --> 00:35:20,339
that's an excellent question uh so what

782
00:35:23,530 --> 00:35:22,740
happened is I was invited for an

783
00:35:26,710 --> 00:35:23,540
interview

784
00:35:29,569 --> 00:35:26,720
on a different meteor

785
00:35:32,870 --> 00:35:29,579
and I wanted to learn a little more

786
00:35:35,630 --> 00:35:32,880
about meteors I went online and I I

787
00:35:37,849 --> 00:35:35,640
realized there is a catalog of meteors

788
00:35:40,010 --> 00:35:37,859
that the U.S government compiled as they

789
00:35:42,050 --> 00:35:40,020
are monitoring the atmosphere for

790
00:35:45,109 --> 00:35:42,060
ballistic missiles you know the for

791
00:35:47,810 --> 00:35:45,119
national security purposes and uh and

792
00:35:51,050 --> 00:35:47,820
then I found this catalog so I asked my

793
00:35:53,450 --> 00:35:51,060
student to check uh whether the fastest

794
00:35:55,490 --> 00:35:53,460
moving meteors could have originated

795
00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:55,500
from outside the solar system if they

796
00:36:02,270 --> 00:35:58,400
move fast enough they are not bound

797
00:36:04,370 --> 00:36:02,280
to the Sun's gravity and we found that

798
00:36:07,069 --> 00:36:04,380
the fastest one is actually a head-on

799
00:36:09,109 --> 00:36:07,079
collision with the Earth so it was fast

800
00:36:10,910 --> 00:36:09,119
relative to the Earth just by chance

801
00:36:13,609 --> 00:36:10,920
because it was moving opposite to the

802
00:36:17,750 --> 00:36:13,619
Earth Direction but this second fastest

803
00:36:19,730 --> 00:36:17,760
is the one from January 8 2014 and that

804
00:36:21,829 --> 00:36:19,740
came from the side and it was actually

805
00:36:23,230 --> 00:36:21,839
moving really fast relative to the Sun

806
00:36:26,150 --> 00:36:23,240
and

807
00:36:29,210 --> 00:36:26,160
it was detected by government sensors

808
00:36:34,130 --> 00:36:29,220
when it exploded about 19 kilometers

809
00:36:35,930 --> 00:36:34,140
above the ocean surface and so we wrote

810
00:36:37,849 --> 00:36:35,940
the paper about it saying this is

811
00:36:40,370 --> 00:36:37,859
actually the first Interstellar object

812
00:36:44,750 --> 00:36:40,380
ever discovered because it dates back to

813
00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:44,760
2014 almost four years before omomo was

814
00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:48,000
discovered but the paper was rejected by

815
00:36:52,010 --> 00:36:50,460
the reviewers because they argued we

816
00:36:54,829 --> 00:36:52,020
don't believe the US government we don't

817
00:36:56,569 --> 00:36:54,839
have the uncertainties and perhaps they

818
00:36:58,609 --> 00:36:56,579
are large and of course the US

819
00:37:00,550 --> 00:36:58,619
government didn't disclose the

820
00:37:03,230 --> 00:37:00,560
uncertainties in the measurement because

821
00:37:06,349 --> 00:37:03,240
they don't want adversaries to be aware

822
00:37:08,270 --> 00:37:06,359
of the quality of the data and but they

823
00:37:10,310 --> 00:37:08,280
need to know if a ballistic missile will

824
00:37:12,890 --> 00:37:10,320
hit Boston or Washington you know they

825
00:37:15,290 --> 00:37:12,900
need to know that so I was pretty

826
00:37:19,849 --> 00:37:15,300
confident but then it took me three

827
00:37:21,530 --> 00:37:19,859
years to reach um out to people beyond

828
00:37:22,609 --> 00:37:21,540
the National Security Fence and

829
00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:22,619
eventually

830
00:37:28,190 --> 00:37:25,920
there was a letter written by the U.S

831
00:37:31,790 --> 00:37:28,200
space command under the Department of

832
00:37:35,990 --> 00:37:31,800
Defense to NASA in which it was

833
00:37:38,870 --> 00:37:36,000
confirmed that the 99.99 confidence that

834
00:37:40,490 --> 00:37:38,880
indeed this meteor came from outside the

835
00:37:42,349 --> 00:37:40,500
solar system that the uncertainties were

836
00:37:46,250 --> 00:37:42,359
really small

837
00:37:48,170 --> 00:37:46,260
um and um at that point our paper I mean

838
00:37:50,390 --> 00:37:48,180
we resubmitted it and it was accepted

839
00:37:52,790 --> 00:37:50,400
for publication in the astrophysical

840
00:37:54,890 --> 00:37:52,800
journal and then we looked back at the

841
00:37:58,370 --> 00:37:54,900
catalog we found another meteor

842
00:38:00,250 --> 00:37:58,380
uh roughly a meter in size this one um

843
00:38:03,050 --> 00:38:00,260
not far from Portugal

844
00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:03,060
and we plan to go on an expedition to

845
00:38:09,170 --> 00:38:05,160
find this one next after the first one

846
00:38:12,589 --> 00:38:09,180
uh both of them are the toughest in the

847
00:38:15,170 --> 00:38:12,599
catalog uh and how do we know that okay

848
00:38:17,030 --> 00:38:15,180
so here I get to the answer we know that

849
00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:17,040
because the government also released the

850
00:38:22,490 --> 00:38:19,560
the light curve of the explosion the

851
00:38:25,849 --> 00:38:22,500
amount of light they generated and the

852
00:38:27,770 --> 00:38:25,859
the flares and from the location in the

853
00:38:28,609 --> 00:38:27,780
atmosphere where the explosion took

854
00:38:33,050 --> 00:38:28,619
place

855
00:38:36,109 --> 00:38:33,060
uh we could tell the stress that the air

856
00:38:38,690 --> 00:38:36,119
exerted on these objects so as they move

857
00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:38,700
through the air there is a certain um

858
00:38:43,430 --> 00:38:40,920
what is called Ram pressure a certain

859
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:43,440
stress that the material

860
00:38:49,730 --> 00:38:47,520
um feels um and they survived all the

861
00:38:52,430 --> 00:38:49,740
way down to the lower atmosphere of the

862
00:38:54,349 --> 00:38:52,440
Earth at very high speed and that means

863
00:38:58,010 --> 00:38:54,359
I mean since the atmosphere is very

864
00:39:00,650 --> 00:38:58,020
dense down uh in it we could calculate

865
00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:00,660
what is the necessary material strength

866
00:39:06,349 --> 00:39:03,720
to withstand that kind of a stress or

867
00:39:09,530 --> 00:39:06,359
pressure that the air exerts and we

868
00:39:13,190 --> 00:39:09,540
found that is larger than the material

869
00:39:16,450 --> 00:39:13,200
strength of iron okay and uh these

870
00:39:19,730 --> 00:39:16,460
objects were tougher than all 270 other

871
00:39:21,550 --> 00:39:19,740
space rocks in the same catalog of the

872
00:39:25,010 --> 00:39:21,560
government they are the toughest ever

873
00:39:27,410 --> 00:39:25,020
and the chance of drawing them out of

874
00:39:30,829 --> 00:39:27,420
the distribution of material strength

875
00:39:33,770 --> 00:39:30,839
for for solar system rocks is less than

876
00:39:37,750 --> 00:39:33,780
one in ten thousand so that means that

877
00:39:40,849 --> 00:39:37,760
if they originate from a natural origin

878
00:39:43,609 --> 00:39:40,859
their parent system has to be different

879
00:39:46,010 --> 00:39:43,619
than the solar system and you know it

880
00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:46,020
could be that for example an exploding

881
00:39:54,470 --> 00:39:51,000
star ejects bullets or small rocks that

882
00:39:57,790 --> 00:39:54,480
are very tough it's possible we don't

883
00:40:01,130 --> 00:39:57,800
know so the point is whatever we find

884
00:40:02,569 --> 00:40:01,140
down at the bottom of the ocean would

885
00:40:04,430 --> 00:40:02,579
teach us something important because

886
00:40:08,030 --> 00:40:04,440
apparently these objects are tougher

887
00:40:10,069 --> 00:40:08,040
than solar system rocks and then let's

888
00:40:13,910 --> 00:40:10,079
see what we find it's possible also that

889
00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:13,920
there were are made of artificial Alloys

890
00:40:18,410 --> 00:40:16,560
that nature doesn't put together and

891
00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:18,420
that that will be even more exciting if

892
00:40:24,109 --> 00:40:21,480
we find it but um someone had a question

893
00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:24,119
here David Jones He said what if it's

894
00:40:29,829 --> 00:40:27,300
made of a non-magnetic material like if

895
00:40:32,870 --> 00:40:29,839
it's artificial yeah

896
00:40:35,990 --> 00:40:32,880
that's an excellent question and so we

897
00:40:38,089 --> 00:40:36,000
have a plan B in case it's not attracted

898
00:40:39,710 --> 00:40:38,099
to the magnet all the fragments that we

899
00:40:43,430 --> 00:40:39,720
are looking for

900
00:40:46,430 --> 00:40:43,440
um in that case we have a mesh net

901
00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:46,440
behind it that we will

902
00:40:54,290 --> 00:40:50,400
um collect fragments with if they're big

903
00:40:56,690 --> 00:40:54,300
enough so uh we will filter out the

904
00:40:59,569 --> 00:40:56,700
Abundant Mark that is on the ocean floor

905
00:41:02,030 --> 00:40:59,579
and uh just collect anything bigger than

906
00:41:05,930 --> 00:41:02,040
a certain size with a mesh net so that

907
00:41:07,250 --> 00:41:05,940
that's our plan to use in addition to

908
00:41:09,530 --> 00:41:07,260
the magnets

909
00:41:13,250 --> 00:41:09,540
I see and

910
00:41:14,690 --> 00:41:13,260
are we talking like a major square mile

911
00:41:16,910 --> 00:41:14,700
section that you're going to be

912
00:41:19,970 --> 00:41:16,920
searching I mean how do you know where

913
00:41:24,530 --> 00:41:19,980
to search well we know the coordinates

914
00:41:27,950 --> 00:41:24,540
of where uh the meteor exploded uh and

915
00:41:30,849 --> 00:41:27,960
then we calculate so given a fragment

916
00:41:34,310 --> 00:41:30,859
size distribution the small fragments

917
00:41:36,470 --> 00:41:34,320
they have a large surface area for their

918
00:41:39,890 --> 00:41:36,480
mass and so they suffer a lot of

919
00:41:42,170 --> 00:41:39,900
friction with the air and they basically

920
00:41:45,349 --> 00:41:42,180
rain down straight from the explosion

921
00:41:47,510 --> 00:41:45,359
location Point okay so they rain down as

922
00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:47,520
hot rain because the amount of energy

923
00:41:52,730 --> 00:41:49,200
released was a few percent of the

924
00:41:56,030 --> 00:41:52,740
Hiroshima atomic bomb okay so

925
00:41:58,250 --> 00:41:56,040
um what you end up is melting any solid

926
00:42:01,490 --> 00:41:58,260
material irrespective of the composition

927
00:42:04,190 --> 00:42:01,500
and you end up with droplets uh so

928
00:42:05,870 --> 00:42:04,200
that's like very hot rain coming down

929
00:42:08,270 --> 00:42:05,880
and if you had an umbrella it wouldn't

930
00:42:11,450 --> 00:42:08,280
protect you because it's hot uh and then

931
00:42:14,510 --> 00:42:11,460
as it rains on the ocean steam comes up

932
00:42:18,470 --> 00:42:14,520
uh and then these fragments settle down

933
00:42:22,190 --> 00:42:18,480
so the small fragments would appear just

934
00:42:25,490 --> 00:42:22,200
down from the explosion point and then

935
00:42:27,290 --> 00:42:25,500
the bigger fragments continue along the

936
00:42:30,589 --> 00:42:27,300
path of the meteor because they have

937
00:42:32,930 --> 00:42:30,599
less friction with the air and then the

938
00:42:36,410 --> 00:42:32,940
biggest chunks of course follow the path

939
00:42:40,910 --> 00:42:36,420
of the original path of the meteor and

940
00:42:42,770 --> 00:42:40,920
so we plan to basically find this strip

941
00:42:45,170 --> 00:42:42,780
along which the fragments are

942
00:42:47,630 --> 00:42:45,180
distributed with small fragments first

943
00:42:48,490 --> 00:42:47,640
and then larger fragments along the path

944
00:42:55,310 --> 00:42:48,500
and

945
00:42:57,170 --> 00:42:55,320
right now 10 kilometers so it's a

946
00:42:59,470 --> 00:42:57,180
relatively big area that you know

947
00:43:02,210 --> 00:42:59,480
several miles that we will have to

948
00:43:05,150 --> 00:43:02,220
survey and it's just like mowing the

949
00:43:07,309 --> 00:43:05,160
lawn we will go back and forth and we

950
00:43:10,130 --> 00:43:07,319
don't need to go deep there is not much

951
00:43:12,230 --> 00:43:10,140
activity on the ocean floor

952
00:43:16,190 --> 00:43:12,240
so we should see what we find it's an

953
00:43:18,650 --> 00:43:16,200
adventure and definitely worth doing and

954
00:43:21,050 --> 00:43:18,660
we're fully funded for it that's

955
00:43:23,569 --> 00:43:21,060
wonderful about how far off of the

956
00:43:25,550 --> 00:43:23,579
Earth's surface were was this particular

957
00:43:29,569 --> 00:43:25,560
explosion

958
00:43:33,010 --> 00:43:29,579
Oh you mean from a land yeah from no how

959
00:43:36,109 --> 00:43:33,020
far up in the air oh yeah it was

960
00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:36,119
18.7 kilometers up above the ocean

961
00:43:44,510 --> 00:43:40,800
surface yes I see wow so um It's

962
00:43:47,030 --> 00:43:44,520
relatively low given that the you know

963
00:43:49,970 --> 00:43:47,040
this is a in the lower atmosphere of the

964
00:43:51,890 --> 00:43:49,980
Earth where the density is on is is not

965
00:43:54,230 --> 00:43:51,900
very far from what we find

966
00:43:56,270 --> 00:43:54,240
uh at sea level you know it's just a few

967
00:43:58,849 --> 00:43:56,280
times lower so

968
00:44:01,370 --> 00:43:58,859
um if it were made of stone for example

969
00:44:03,829 --> 00:44:01,380
it would have exploded much higher up

970
00:44:06,170 --> 00:44:03,839
because it was moving at 45 kilometers

971
00:44:08,569 --> 00:44:06,180
per second a very high speed the Escape

972
00:44:11,270 --> 00:44:08,579
speed from the earth is 11 kilometers

973
00:44:15,230 --> 00:44:11,280
per second that's what you need

974
00:44:17,750 --> 00:44:15,240
um uh any rocket that you launch beyond

975
00:44:20,750 --> 00:44:17,760
the gravitational pull of Earth that's

976
00:44:23,089 --> 00:44:20,760
the kind of speed it needs to reach at

977
00:44:25,250 --> 00:44:23,099
least 11 kilometers per second right

978
00:44:26,690 --> 00:44:25,260
right this is an interesting question

979
00:44:28,910 --> 00:44:26,700
someone put up there what is your

980
00:44:30,829 --> 00:44:28,920
opinion of the work of John Mack of

981
00:44:34,190 --> 00:44:30,839
Harvard and I guess I want to ask you

982
00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:34,200
has there been any parallels as far as

983
00:44:38,750 --> 00:44:36,420
what you have been doing to what John

984
00:44:42,170 --> 00:44:38,760
Mack did I I don't know if you've looked

985
00:44:44,210 --> 00:44:42,180
into that at all well no there is no

986
00:44:47,690 --> 00:44:44,220
overlap because he was interested in

987
00:44:49,910 --> 00:44:47,700
people and humans are not scientific

988
00:44:52,730 --> 00:44:49,920
instruments for physicists I'm a

989
00:44:55,370 --> 00:44:52,740
physicist I'm an astrophysicist uh you

990
00:44:58,250 --> 00:44:55,380
can't write a scientific paper in

991
00:45:01,130 --> 00:44:58,260
physics saying this person told me that

992
00:45:02,569 --> 00:45:01,140
okay you cannot do that there is no and

993
00:45:05,089 --> 00:45:02,579
there is a good reason for this

994
00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:05,099
tradition because people very often have

995
00:45:09,550 --> 00:45:06,960
hallucinations I mean they are sincere

996
00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:09,560
they tell you that they

997
00:45:17,150 --> 00:45:15,119
felt or or had some uh experiences they

998
00:45:20,569 --> 00:45:17,160
are sincere about it I have no doubt but

999
00:45:23,750 --> 00:45:20,579
humans can easily be fooled and we know

1000
00:45:26,870 --> 00:45:23,760
that when people take recreational drugs

1001
00:45:29,030 --> 00:45:26,880
or people have an accident they have all

1002
00:45:30,890 --> 00:45:29,040
kinds of Impressions that have nothing

1003
00:45:33,650 --> 00:45:30,900
to do with the reality that surrounds

1004
00:45:38,510 --> 00:45:33,660
them and therefore we don't use people

1005
00:45:40,970 --> 00:45:38,520
as detectors okay now uh we can use it

1006
00:45:43,609 --> 00:45:40,980
as intriguing evidence that is worth

1007
00:45:46,130 --> 00:45:43,619
putting instruments but inside in

1008
00:45:47,750 --> 00:45:46,140
physics you need to rely on data

1009
00:45:50,390 --> 00:45:47,760
collected by instruments because it's

1010
00:45:52,750 --> 00:45:50,400
repeatable you can repeat the experiment

1011
00:45:56,349 --> 00:45:52,760
and instruments do not have

1012
00:45:59,690 --> 00:45:56,359
personalities you know they just do

1013
00:46:03,170 --> 00:45:59,700
they measure whatever they measure and

1014
00:46:06,890 --> 00:46:03,180
then we fully understand how they get

1015
00:46:08,450 --> 00:46:06,900
the data that that we collect and so not

1016
00:46:10,190 --> 00:46:08,460
only that you have to use instruments

1017
00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:10,200
you have to understand to calibrate the

1018
00:46:15,050 --> 00:46:12,960
instruments and for example when we see

1019
00:46:16,790 --> 00:46:15,060
fuzzy images from the cockpits of

1020
00:46:19,069 --> 00:46:16,800
fighter jets that's not a scientific

1021
00:46:21,230 --> 00:46:19,079
experiment because we don't know what

1022
00:46:23,329 --> 00:46:21,240
the camera was doing when this or or the

1023
00:46:27,349 --> 00:46:23,339
cockpit was doing when we these photos

1024
00:46:30,190 --> 00:46:27,359
were taken so one so Science is based on

1025
00:46:33,170 --> 00:46:30,200
using instruments separate from people

1026
00:46:34,970 --> 00:46:33,180
that provide quantitative results and

1027
00:46:37,790 --> 00:46:34,980
are fully understood fully calibrated

1028
00:46:39,710 --> 00:46:37,800
and controlled in a way that one

1029
00:46:41,690 --> 00:46:39,720
understands because otherwise you can't

1030
00:46:42,770 --> 00:46:41,700
really digest the information that you

1031
00:46:46,569 --> 00:46:42,780
get

1032
00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:46,579
all right well um I another another

1033
00:46:52,190 --> 00:46:50,160
question I have about this is

1034
00:46:55,970 --> 00:46:52,200
um have you been

1035
00:46:59,510 --> 00:46:55,980
uh treated any different since you

1036
00:47:00,349 --> 00:46:59,520
started looking into this by Harvard oh

1037
00:47:02,210 --> 00:47:00,359
no

1038
00:47:04,910 --> 00:47:02,220
um how are those fully supportive I mean

1039
00:47:06,530 --> 00:47:04,920
there was an initial phase where I was

1040
00:47:07,430 --> 00:47:06,540
asked whether

1041
00:47:11,390 --> 00:47:07,440
um

1042
00:47:13,550 --> 00:47:11,400
I said of course because in astronomy we

1043
00:47:16,190 --> 00:47:13,560
use telescopes and look at the sky and

1044
00:47:18,829 --> 00:47:16,200
analyze the data and that's what the

1045
00:47:21,170 --> 00:47:18,839
Galileo project is doing and that was a

1046
00:47:23,569 --> 00:47:21,180
question asked when I started to get

1047
00:47:24,890 --> 00:47:23,579
funding for the Galileo project and the

1048
00:47:27,290 --> 00:47:24,900
funding is being channeled through

1049
00:47:31,370 --> 00:47:27,300
Harvard so it was just an administrative

1050
00:47:33,050 --> 00:47:31,380
question but otherwise no what I should

1051
00:47:37,190 --> 00:47:33,060
say is

1052
00:47:38,870 --> 00:47:37,200
um you know this is a subject that my

1053
00:47:40,370 --> 00:47:38,880
hope is to bring to the mainstream

1054
00:47:43,130 --> 00:47:40,380
because we are following the scientific

1055
00:47:45,530 --> 00:47:43,140
method and collecting data the way

1056
00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:45,540
scientists doing any other respect just

1057
00:47:49,010 --> 00:47:47,460
like in the search for dark matter we

1058
00:47:51,109 --> 00:47:49,020
don't know what most of the matter in

1059
00:47:53,030 --> 00:47:51,119
the university is and people have

1060
00:47:54,589 --> 00:47:53,040
searched and and studied various

1061
00:47:57,050 --> 00:47:54,599
possibilities and

1062
00:47:59,210 --> 00:47:57,060
I I would argue that the the fact that

1063
00:48:01,910 --> 00:47:59,220
we exist that we send probes to

1064
00:48:03,410 --> 00:48:01,920
Interstellar space and the fact that we

1065
00:48:05,690 --> 00:48:03,420
know that the substantial fraction of

1066
00:48:08,630 --> 00:48:05,700
all the sun-like stars have planets like

1067
00:48:11,990 --> 00:48:08,640
the Earth implies that it's quite

1068
00:48:14,930 --> 00:48:12,000
possible and even likely that that

1069
00:48:16,730 --> 00:48:14,940
someone like us predated us and and sent

1070
00:48:19,010 --> 00:48:16,740
probes that by now would have reached us

1071
00:48:20,690 --> 00:48:19,020
and we know that most stars from

1072
00:48:22,730 --> 00:48:20,700
billions of years before the Sun so

1073
00:48:25,730 --> 00:48:22,740
there was plenty of time even for

1074
00:48:27,530 --> 00:48:25,740
chemical Rockets to make the trip from

1075
00:48:30,410 --> 00:48:27,540
the edge of the galaxy to the solar

1076
00:48:33,589 --> 00:48:30,420
system so now another thing I wanted to

1077
00:48:35,750 --> 00:48:33,599
mention is I I already said that the

1078
00:48:39,230 --> 00:48:35,760
paper about the interstellar meteor was

1079
00:48:40,910 --> 00:48:39,240
first rejected because the argument was

1080
00:48:42,890 --> 00:48:40,920
we don't believe the US government it

1081
00:48:44,930 --> 00:48:42,900
was not because we don't believe avilo I

1082
00:48:50,690 --> 00:48:44,940
mean it was the US government that was

1083
00:48:53,390 --> 00:48:50,700
put in question and uh so um and now you

1084
00:48:55,490 --> 00:48:53,400
know when we submitted another paper on

1085
00:48:58,609 --> 00:48:55,500
the same subject after the letter came

1086
00:49:01,609 --> 00:48:58,619
from uh the Department of Defense which

1087
00:49:04,309 --> 00:49:01,619
came to my defense uh which by the way

1088
00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:04,319
is interesting in itself because it's a

1089
00:49:08,870 --> 00:49:06,000
very conservative organization the

1090
00:49:10,609 --> 00:49:08,880
government right and the fact that the

1091
00:49:11,589 --> 00:49:10,619
government comes to the defense of

1092
00:49:15,170 --> 00:49:11,599
science

1093
00:49:18,230 --> 00:49:15,180
uh you know at the frontier uh is

1094
00:49:20,990 --> 00:49:18,240
interesting because uh at the same time

1095
00:49:23,990 --> 00:49:21,000
there is a lot of pushback from what you

1096
00:49:25,849 --> 00:49:24,000
might call Blue Sky Academia and which

1097
00:49:28,190 --> 00:49:25,859
is supposed to be more open-minded than

1098
00:49:29,770 --> 00:49:28,200
government and you know the fact that I

1099
00:49:33,470 --> 00:49:29,780
get the

1100
00:49:37,730 --> 00:49:33,480
support from the government uh for this

1101
00:49:39,349 --> 00:49:37,740
study was remarkable in my I mean this

1102
00:49:41,750 --> 00:49:39,359
is not the first time it happened it

1103
00:49:45,710 --> 00:49:41,760
happened before when the US government

1104
00:49:47,390 --> 00:49:45,720
was looking for a set of satellites to

1105
00:49:51,050 --> 00:49:47,400
monitor nuclear explosions by the

1106
00:49:52,550 --> 00:49:51,060
Russians it was the late 9 1960s above

1107
00:49:55,609 --> 00:49:52,560
the atmosphere so they were looking for

1108
00:49:58,069 --> 00:49:55,619
gamma ray flashes and then they saw it's

1109
00:50:01,010 --> 00:49:58,079
called The Villa satellite system and

1110
00:50:03,170 --> 00:50:01,020
they saw flashes of gamma rays coming

1111
00:50:05,569 --> 00:50:03,180
and I'm sure that on the first few

1112
00:50:07,849 --> 00:50:05,579
instances they thought well it's every

1113
00:50:09,530 --> 00:50:07,859
day or every few days what are the

1114
00:50:10,970 --> 00:50:09,540
Russians doing and there must have been

1115
00:50:14,089 --> 00:50:10,980
a lot of troubled people in Washington

1116
00:50:18,170 --> 00:50:14,099
DC worrying about it but then it was

1117
00:50:20,809 --> 00:50:18,180
realized that it may come from far away

1118
00:50:22,569 --> 00:50:20,819
and so the data was brought to the

1119
00:50:25,550 --> 00:50:22,579
attention of

1120
00:50:29,809 --> 00:50:25,560
scientists astronomers in Los Alamos who

1121
00:50:31,190 --> 00:50:29,819
then published it in 1972 as gamma ray

1122
00:50:35,990 --> 00:50:31,200
birth and they said we don't know what

1123
00:50:38,930 --> 00:50:36,000
the source is and it took um until 1997

1124
00:50:41,690 --> 00:50:38,940
for astronomers to figure out that these

1125
00:50:44,270 --> 00:50:41,700
flashes of gamma rays originate from the

1126
00:50:47,089 --> 00:50:44,280
edge of the universe when the core of a

1127
00:50:49,430 --> 00:50:47,099
star collapses to a black hole and you

1128
00:50:52,190 --> 00:50:49,440
end up producing Jets very very

1129
00:50:54,829 --> 00:50:52,200
energetic Jets and if that the jet is

1130
00:50:57,770 --> 00:50:54,839
pointed at us we see it as a gamma ray

1131
00:50:59,630 --> 00:50:57,780
Flash and so it's basically the signal

1132
00:51:01,250 --> 00:50:59,640
of the formation of a black hole from

1133
00:51:04,190 --> 00:51:01,260
the collapse of the core of a massive

1134
00:51:08,690 --> 00:51:04,200
star and that was figured out only in

1135
00:51:10,790 --> 00:51:08,700
1997 and it shows you that the data from

1136
00:51:13,790 --> 00:51:10,800
the government helps progress in science

1137
00:51:16,130 --> 00:51:13,800
in in both instances but what I wanted

1138
00:51:17,930 --> 00:51:16,140
to say is when we reported the second

1139
00:51:20,329 --> 00:51:17,940
Interstellar meteor and that happened

1140
00:51:22,490 --> 00:51:20,339
just a couple of months ago that paper

1141
00:51:24,950 --> 00:51:22,500
also on an Interstellar meteor was

1142
00:51:27,950 --> 00:51:24,960
accepted for publication within weeks so

1143
00:51:30,530 --> 00:51:27,960
so I can see a shift for the better

1144
00:51:31,549 --> 00:51:30,540
right I didn't we didn't have as much

1145
00:51:34,549 --> 00:51:31,559
friction

1146
00:51:36,589 --> 00:51:34,559
that's right I I've seen that too here's

1147
00:51:39,349 --> 00:51:36,599
an interesting question and I hope you

1148
00:51:42,410 --> 00:51:39,359
may understand it better than I do could

1149
00:51:45,170 --> 00:51:42,420
uh you please explain nanotechnological

1150
00:51:47,470 --> 00:51:45,180
and synthetic biology-based multiplexed

1151
00:51:51,650 --> 00:51:47,480
and scalable chipset

1152
00:51:53,349 --> 00:51:51,660
Nano probe and bio probe technology do

1153
00:51:56,990 --> 00:51:53,359
you understand any of that

1154
00:52:00,470 --> 00:51:57,000
uh yeah well there was a paper that was

1155
00:52:03,470 --> 00:52:00,480
just published in astrobiology that's a

1156
00:52:05,089 --> 00:52:03,480
journal uh George Church a colleague of

1157
00:52:08,089 --> 00:52:05,099
mine from Harvard Medical School

1158
00:52:09,970 --> 00:52:08,099
published it it was inspired by the star

1159
00:52:14,710 --> 00:52:09,980
shot concept that I mentioned before

1160
00:52:16,329 --> 00:52:14,720
where the plan is to send the tiny

1161
00:52:19,730 --> 00:52:16,339
nanoprobe

1162
00:52:23,950 --> 00:52:19,740
to the nearest star system and so what

1163
00:52:27,109 --> 00:52:23,960
the church was advocating is perhaps

1164
00:52:29,089 --> 00:52:27,119
sending out DNA and sort of seeding the

1165
00:52:29,870 --> 00:52:29,099
Milky Way galaxy with things that we

1166
00:52:33,430 --> 00:52:29,880
want

1167
00:52:36,290 --> 00:52:33,440
to plant on other planets far away

1168
00:52:38,270 --> 00:52:36,300
that's a long-term project

1169
00:52:40,670 --> 00:52:38,280
you know sending it beyond the solar

1170
00:52:43,370 --> 00:52:40,680
system elsewhere there are people that

1171
00:52:46,490 --> 00:52:43,380
would argue yeah we shouldn't be so

1172
00:52:48,890 --> 00:52:46,500
proud of our seeds so that you know to

1173
00:52:50,990 --> 00:52:48,900
plant them elsewhere maybe you know

1174
00:52:53,390 --> 00:52:51,000
maybe there is a better thing to do

1175
00:52:54,829 --> 00:52:53,400
rather than contaminate the universe but

1176
00:52:57,230 --> 00:52:54,839
on the other hand it's a natural

1177
00:53:00,730 --> 00:52:57,240
tendency if Humanity wants to

1178
00:53:04,370 --> 00:53:00,740
make copies of things that it finds

1179
00:53:06,530 --> 00:53:04,380
attractive or worthwhile then it's good

1180
00:53:08,930 --> 00:53:06,540
to send these copies elsewhere so that

1181
00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:08,940
they will not disappear from a single

1182
00:53:14,049 --> 00:53:11,040
point catastrophe if something bad

1183
00:53:16,730 --> 00:53:14,059
happens on Earth you know we don't want

1184
00:53:17,930 --> 00:53:16,740
all forms of life as we know it to

1185
00:53:20,390 --> 00:53:17,940
disappear

1186
00:53:22,370 --> 00:53:20,400
so right one way to preserve them is to

1187
00:53:23,150 --> 00:53:22,380
send them to space and with the hope

1188
00:53:26,089 --> 00:53:23,160
that

1189
00:53:30,470 --> 00:53:26,099
it's just like dandelion seeds with the

1190
00:53:33,470 --> 00:53:30,480
hope that one of them will give birth to

1191
00:53:35,150 --> 00:53:33,480
another form of life somewhere yeah that

1192
00:53:37,670 --> 00:53:35,160
whole thing about seeds is fascinating

1193
00:53:39,470 --> 00:53:37,680
how we have some that are you know I

1194
00:53:41,630 --> 00:53:39,480
mean preserved we have all these seeds

1195
00:53:43,790 --> 00:53:41,640
preserved but anyway I can't believe how

1196
00:53:46,730 --> 00:53:43,800
quickly this hour went I know you have a

1197
00:53:47,870 --> 00:53:46,740
commitment so I really do appreciate uh

1198
00:53:50,270 --> 00:53:47,880
your time

1199
00:53:53,030 --> 00:53:50,280
a lot thank you very much for inviting

1200
00:53:54,829 --> 00:53:53,040
me it was a real pleasure and stay tuned

1201
00:53:57,530 --> 00:53:54,839
for what we find we should say that's

1202
00:54:00,109 --> 00:53:57,540
right I'll be glad to report back in in

1203
00:54:01,790 --> 00:54:00,119
more than half a year from now yes I

1204
00:54:03,410 --> 00:54:01,800
would love to find that out thank you

1205
00:54:06,410 --> 00:54:03,420
very much and nice talking to you again

1206
00:54:09,230 --> 00:54:06,420
bye-bye bye now all right everyone we'll

1207
00:54:11,329 --> 00:54:09,240
be back next week and I don't have a

1208
00:54:13,790 --> 00:54:11,339
guest to announce yet uh there was a

1209
00:54:15,950 --> 00:54:13,800
change so I will let you know if you

1210
00:54:19,069 --> 00:54:15,960
sign up at the uh website podcast

1211
00:54:21,650 --> 00:54:19,079
ufo.com the newsletter there and we'll

1212
00:54:23,390 --> 00:54:21,660
uh The Weekly Newsletter just sign up

1213
00:54:24,950 --> 00:54:23,400
for an email blast for that thanks so

1214
00:54:25,420 --> 00:54:24,960
much and remember to keep your eyes to

1215
00:54:28,549 --> 00:54:25,430
the sky

1216
00:54:28,559 --> 00:54:36,700
foreign